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Shanshan Assembly Hall in Liaocheng

The ShanshanAssembly Hall is located near the east pass of Liaocheng City in Shandong Province.

Liaocheng City sat on the west bank of the Grand Canal in ancient China. With its sophisticated traffic system both on land and water, the city was a communication center linking the south and the north since early times. During the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties, merchants
swarmed the city, and in 1743, Shanshan Assembly Hall was built jointly by merchants from Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces. The hall then became a large-scale group of constructions.

Covering an area of 3,311 square meters, the assembly hall has over 160 halls and pavilions. The richly ornamented hall is green and gold with winged eaves. The construction is divided into two sections: the God Temple and assembly hall. In the front are constructions such as the mountain gate,
opera tower, bell and drum towers, south and north viewing towers and stele pavilion; the back section includes the God Temple, Spring and Autumn Building, covered corridors and belvederes.

Sporadic carvings can be found with patterns of various figures, flowers, birds and beasts. The fine techniques used make these carvings elaborate works among the folk arts of the Qing Dynasty. Walls of the opera tower were inscribed with the handwriting of actors who performed there between 1845
and 1919, as well as texts from over 120 traditional operas, such as Peking Opera, Shanxi Bangzi and Hebei Bangzi. These texts are of high historical value in the study of local operas.

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Feiying Tower

The Feiying Tower lies in Huzhou City of Zhejiang Province.

The Feiying Tower was originally built in the dagoba yard to the west of the Feiying Temple. Built in 864 during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the tower acquired its present name in 1005 during the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127). The present tower was renovated between 1131 and 1162 during the
Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279). The outer tower was built between 968 and 976 in the Northern Song Dynasty and underwent many renovations by subsequent generations.

Assuming an octagonal shape, the stone tower has five stories at 14.55 meters. Although the top of the tower has been destroyed, its base has been preserved, displaying patterns of the nine mountains and eight seas; a Sumeru base is also engraved with patterns of lotus flowers and intertwining
twigs. In the middle are lifelike lions in various poses. Also built on the Sumeru base are the body, flat base and eaves. The eaves are finely carved and reflect the high level of Chinese ancient architecture.

The outer tower was erected on brick and wooden structures, and is octagonal in shape like the inner tower. The outer tower has seven stories measuring 36.34 meters. A set of staircases built in the inner wall spirals to the top. The outer wall has eaves and a flat base on each layer.

The present the Feiying Tower is the only tower within a tower among numerous ancient towers in China. The inner tower is a finely carved stone structure encircled by an imposing outer tower. The uniquely sculpted and structured the Feiying Tower has become a famous scenic spot in Huzhou City and
around the nation, as well.

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Anyuan Temple

The Anyuan Temple is located at theChengde Summer ResortManor in Chengde City, Hebei Province.

The Anyuan Temple is one of the famous Eight Outer Temples of Chengde. The Eight Outer Temples were constructed between the 52ndyear (1713) of the reign of Emperor Kangxi and the 45thyear (1780) of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Originally there were 11 temples, but only seven
temples and one site remain: the Eight Outer Temples surrounding theChengde Summer ResortManor. To the east of theChengde Summer ResortManor are the Puren Temple, Pule Temple, Anyuan Temple and Pushan Temple (where only ruins remain); to the north are the Puning Temple, Sumeru Fushou Temple, Putuo
Zongsheng Temple and Shuxiang Temple.

The Anyuan Temple was built in the 21st year (1756) of the reign of Emperor Qianlong when the Qing Dynasty put down Zhunge’er’s rebellion in Xinjiang. To conciliate the rebels, Emperor Qianlong ordered the construction of a temple outside theChengde Summer ResortManor,naming it Anyuan (to appease
from far), also known as Ili Temple, which imitates the style of Guerzha Temple in the north of the Ili River in Xinjiang. The construction was completed in 1764. The main hall of the Anyuan Temple named Pudu, with black glazed tiles covering its roof, has a double-eaved roof and three stories. A
Dumu statue resides on an altar in the hall and the four walls are covered in Buddhist stories. The hall has 64 principal columns to form a winding corridor in front of which is erected a stone tablet made at Emperor Qianlong’s request. Inscriptions on the tablets are written in Manchu, Han,
Mongolian, and Tibetan characters, recording the historical facts of Zhunge’er’s rebellion.

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