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Library>China ABC>Religion>Islamism in China

Changes of Sharia in China

Sharia was basically accepted by Chinese Muslims during the period of its quick dissemination, but there were different ways of acceptance in different regions. The difference is mainly shown in the following three situations.

One situation was that after a period of conflicts between the original Sharia and the customary law, the former replaced the latter, and the latter only remained in some details. This mainly happened to the Uygur people and part of the Mongolian people. In history, particularly, due to the strong
support of the Mongolian noblemen, pure Sharia took dominant position in some regions in a certain period.

Second, original Sharia was integrated with the customary law of certain peoples. This mainly happened to Kazak Muslims. Today, customary law is reflected in almost every aspect of life in this people.

Third, the implementation of Sharia was restricted by national laws and customary law of the ruling people. Therefore, Sharia could only keep its influence on Muslims in certain aspects. This mainly happened to the Hui people. Sharia only played a role in aspects such as routine rites, religious
moral, taboos and so on.

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Library>China ABC>History>Emperors

Ming Chengzu

Ming Chengzu, born in 1360 and named Zhu Di, is the 4th son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). In 1398, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang died and his grandson Zhu Rongwen succeeded the throne. Zhu Rongwen, or Jian Wendi, accepted the suggestions of ministers to remove the
rank of nobility from the kings of some kingdoms, in an attempt to strengthen the central power.

This act of course angered some of the kings, so King Zhu Di from the north, in 1399, started a civil war at Jing Nan in the name of “cleaning the central government”. This civil war lasted 4 years and ended in 1402. The Jing Nan army led by Zhu Di captured the capital, Nanjing. But when the army
arrived, the emperor was nowhere to be found, however, the lives of many of the emperor’s ministers were not spared.

After removing all obstacles, Zhu Di proclaimed himself Ming Cheng Zu and changed the name of his reign to Yong Le. During his ruling period, national power was on an upscale and economy developed.

To defend the borders from constant attacks by the northern ethnic minorities, from 1410 to 1424, Zhu Di himself went on five punitive expeditions, defeating the invading Mongols. In the 19th reign (1421) of Yong Le, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, to further strengthen the northern
borders.

Ming Chengzu paid great attention to agricultural development and irrigation constructions. He wanted to enlarge overseas influence, so he appointed Zheng He as the envoy to navigate the West Sea. At that time “The West Sea”, known to the Chinese, was the water near the bank of Indian Ocean and
South Pacific Ocean. He dispatched Zheng He to sail to “The West Sea” 7 times. Besides, he was also the one who ordered the compilation of the famousEncyclopedia of Yong Le.

Zhu Di died in 1424 at the age of 65.

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Library>China ABC>Government>Legal System

Constitution of the People’s Republic of China

Article 20 The state promotes the development of natural and social sciences, disseminates knowledge of science and technology, and commends and rewards achievements in scientific research as well as technological innovations and inventions.

Article 21 The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourages and supports the setting up of various medical and health facilities by the rural economic collectives, state enterprises and institutions and neighborhood
organizations, and promotes health and sanitation activities of a mass character, all for the protection of the people’s health.

The state develops physical culture and promotes mass sports activities to improve the people’s physical fitness.

Article 22 The state promotes the development of art and literature, the press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centers and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism, and it sponsors mass cultural
activities.

The state protects sites of scenic and historical interest, valuable cultural monuments and relics and other significant items of China’s historical and cultural heritage.

Article 23 The state trains specialized personnel in all fields who serve socialism, expands the ranks of intellectuals and creates conditions to give full scope to their role in socialist modernization.

Article 24 The state strengthens the building of a socialist society with an advanced culture and ideology by promoting education in high ideals, ethics, general knowledge, discipline and legality, and by promoting the formulation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by various
sections of the people in urban and rural areas. Article 25 The state promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development.

Article 26 The state protects and improves the environment in which people live and the ecological environment. It prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards.

The state organizes and encourages afforestation and the protection of forests.

Article 27 All state organs carry out the principle of simple and efficient administration, the system of responsibility for work and the system of training functionaries and appraising their performance in order constantly to improve the quality of work and efficiency and combat bureaucratism.

All state organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, keep in close touch with them, heed their opinions and suggestions, accept their supervision and do their best to serve them.

Article 28 The state maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other counter-revolutionary activities; it penalizes criminal activities that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy as well as other criminal activities; and it punishes and reforms criminals.

Article 29 The armed forces of the People’s Republic of China belong to the people. Their tasks are to strengthen national defense, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people’s peaceful labor, participate in national reconstruction and do their best to serve the people.

The state strengthens the revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the armed forces in order to increase national defense capability.

Article 30 The administrative division of the People’s Republic of China is as follows:

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